摘要：在数字经济与实体经济深度融合、新发展格局加速构建的背景下，数据要素市场化配置对企业专业化分工的影响是理论与实践亟待厘清的关键问题，关乎产业效率提升与经济循环畅通。本文以2007—2023年A股上市公司为样本，将地方政府主导型数据交易平台设立作为准自然实验，采用多期双重差分模型，系统考察数据要素市场化配置对企业专业化分工的影响、作用机制、异质性特征及经济后果。(1)基准回归结果显示，数据要素市场化配置显著促进企业专业化分工，相较于未设立数据交易平台地区的企业，试点城市企业专业化分工平均提升1.7%。该结论经平行趋势检验、安慰剂检验、PSM-DID等一系列稳健性检验后依然成立。(2)机制分析表明，数据要素市场化配置能够通过降低外部交易成本、缓解融资约束及扩大市场规模来促进企业专业化分工。(3)异质性分析发现，这一促进效应在非国有企业、供应链上下游信息不对称程度高、市场占有率低及中小企业中更为显著，体现了数据要素市场化对弱势市场主体的赋能优势。(4)经济后果检验证实，数据要素市场化配置通过推动企业专业化分工，有效提升了企业创新能力与综合绩效。基于研究结论，政策层面应完善数据产权制度与交易标准，均衡布局数据交易平台，通过发放数据券、算力券等方式定向赋能弱势企业，推动产业链协同破解信息孤岛；企业需主动拥抱数据要素改革，强化数据应用能力，不同类型企业应实施差异化数据战略，以专业化分工提升核心竞争力。本文拓展了数据要素市场化配置经济后果的研究视角，为构建高标准分工体系提供了重要参考。

Abstract: Under the backdrop of the deep integration of the digital economy and the real economy, it is of great theoretical and practical significance to explore whether the market-oriented allocation of data elements can promote the professional development of enterprises. Based on the data of A-share listed companies from 2007 to 2023, this paper uses a multi-period difference-in-differences model to examine the impact of the market-oriented allocation of data elements on the specialization of enterprises. The study finds that the market-oriented allocation of data elements can significantly promote the specialization of enterprises, and the conclusion still holds after a series of robustness tests. The mechanism analysis shows that the market-oriented allocation of data elements improves the level of the specialization of enterprises by reducing external transaction costs, alleviating financing constraints, and expanding the market scale. The heterogeneity analysis finds that compared with enterprises with state-owned, low information asymmetry between upstream and downstream of the supply chain, high market share, and low environmental uncertainty, the market-oriented allocation of data elements has a greater promoting effect on the specialization of enterprises with non-state-owned, high information asymmetry between upstream and downstream of the supply chain, low market share, and high environmental uncertainty. The analysis of economic consequences finds that the promoting relationship between the market-oriented allocation of data elements and the specialization of enterprises is conducive to improving the innovation ability of enterprises. This paper provides a new perspective on the economic benefits of the market-oriented allocation of data elements and offers an important reference for promoting the specialization of enterprises.